What does the Privacy Rule primarily govern?

The Privacy Rule primarily governs the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI). It establishes national standards for the protection of certain health information, ensuring that individuals' medical records and personal health information are properly protected while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide high-quality healthcare.

Under the Privacy Rule, covered entities—including healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses—must implement safeguards to protect PHI and are restricted in how they can use and disclose this information. The rule emphasizes patient rights, including the right to access their own health records, but its primary focus is on regulating the privacy of that information itself. This foundational framework contributes to maintaining the confidentiality and security of an individual's health information, which is essential in promoting trust in the healthcare system.

The other options may relate to healthcare practices, but they do not capture the primary focus of the Privacy Rule as comprehensively as the correct answer does. Specifically, while access to medical records and billing practices are important aspects of healthcare, they fall under different regulations and provisions that do not summarize the breadth of the Privacy Rule's intent.