Which entity is responsible for criminal enforcement of HIPAA violations?

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for the criminal enforcement of HIPAA violations. This includes conducting investigations and prosecuting individuals or entities that violate the provisions of HIPAA, particularly when violations result in willful neglect or when such violations involve criminal intent. The DOJ is equipped to handle the legal proceedings and penalties associated with criminal offenses, such as fines and even imprisonment, based on the severity of the violation.

While the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and its Office for Civil Rights (OCR) play critical roles in the enforcement of HIPAA rules, their focus is primarily on civil enforcement, which includes investigating complaints, providing guidance, and levying civil penalties. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) may be involved in specific cases where there is evidence of criminal activity, but it does not hold the primary responsibility for enforcing HIPAA violations.

In summary, the Department of Justice is the correct answer because it manages the prosecution of HIPAA violations when they rise to a criminal level, ensuring that serious breaches of patient privacy and security are addressed through the judicial system.